معجم التوفيق بين التراث المعجمي العربي والعبور اللغوي: قراءة في معجم تعليمي للمعاهد الإندونيسية
Keywords:
Mu’jam al-Tawfiq, Arabic lexicographic heritage, translanguaging lexicography, Pegon translation, makna gandul, Amtsilati
Abstract
Arabic lexicography for non-native learners has mostly been studied through monolingual and bilingual frameworks, overlooking both the multilingual settings in which Arabic is learned and the ties of local pedagogical dictionaries to the Arabic lexicographic heritage. This study analyses Mu’jam al-Tawfiq (Kamus At-Taufiq), a 733-page Arabic–Javanese–Indonesian dictionary compiled in 2001–2004 by KH Taufiqul Hakim of Pesantren Darul Falah Amtsilati, Jepara. Using a qualitative design, it combined document analysis of 200 sampled entries, interviews with the compiler and the publisher, and a survey of fifteen Amtsilati alumni teachers. The dictionary extends classical Arabic lexicography in its alphabetical root arrangement, entry content and learner-language glossing, recalling al-Zamakhshari’s Muqaddimat al-Adab, yet departs from it by drawing on the kitab kuning corpus and encoding three semantic strata (lexical, syntactic and contextual) within its Javanese glosses. It also operates within a wider pedagogical ecology: twelve respondents (80%) knew of Amtsilati-derived methods spread through six pathways. The article proposes translanguaging lexicography and a four-component model (TLEX): repertoire presupposition, layered architecture, corpus embeddedness and ecological integration.
References
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يعقوب، إميل بديع. (1981). المعاجم اللغوية العربية: بداءتها وتطورها. بيروت: دار الثقافة الإسلامية.
Abdurrahman, S. M., Afandi, Z., Taha, A. H., & Masoud, M. A. (2023). Dirāsah ṣarfiyyah ‘alā al-kitābah al-‘Arabiyyah li al-lughah al-Jāwiyyah (Pegon) fī kitāb Faṣalātan li al-Shaykh Raden Asnawi Kudus. LISANIA: Journal of Arabic Education and Literature, 7(2), 178–197. https://doi.org/10.18326/lisania.v7i2.178-197
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Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2021). Pedagogical translanguaging. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dhofier, Z. (2011). Tradisi pesantren: Studi pandangan hidup kyai dan visinya mengenai masa depan Indonesia (Rev. ed.). Jakarta: LP3ES.
Feener, R. M., & Sevea, T. (Eds.). (2009). Islamic connections: Muslim societies in South and Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
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García, O., & Li, W. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hakim, T. (2003). Amtsilati: Metode praktis mendalami al-Qur’an dan membaca kitab kuning (Jilid 1–5). Jepara: Darul Falah.
Hakim, T. (2004). Mu’jam al-Tawfīq fī al-‘Arabiyyah wa al-Jāwiyyah wa al-Indūnīsiyyah (Kamus At-Taufiq). Jepara: Darul Falah Amtsilati.
Haywood, J. A. (1960). Arabic lexicography: Its history, and its place in the general history of lexicography (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Heller, M. (2007). Bilingualism as ideology and practice. In M. Heller (Ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach (pp. 1–22). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jamaluddin, J. (2018). Kitab Jawan sebagai pelestari bahasa Jawa: Studi kasus kitab terbitan Menara Kudus, 1952–1990-an. Pangadereng: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 4(2), 399–413. https://doi.org/10.36869/pjhpish.v4i2.59
Kementerian Agama RI. (2018). Ensiklopedi Islam Nusantara: Edisi budaya. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Islam.
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
Landau, S. I. (1984). Dictionaries: The art and craft of lexicography. New York, NY: Scribner.
Laufer, B., & Hadar, L. (1997). Assessing the effectiveness of monolingual, bilingual, and “bilingualised” dictionaries in the comprehension and production of new words. The Modern Language Journal, 81(2), 189–196.
Li, W. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
Lytra, V., Volk, D., & Gregory, E. (Eds.). (2016). Navigating languages, literacies and identities: Religion in young lives. New York, NY: Routledge.
Mahfudh, S. (2024). Reviving the legacy of Islamic Nusantara: A study of Pegon script in traditional pesantren communities in Java. Santri: Journal of Pesantren and Fiqh Sosial, 5(2), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.35878/santri.v5i2.1426
Mahfudh, S. (2025). The Pegon translation method in teaching the Arabic language in Java: A study and its history. INTAJIYA: Journal of Ta’lim al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah, 2(1), 83–102.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Munip, A. (2016). Tracing the history of the Arabic-Javanese language translation books in Nusantara Islamic education. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 5(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2016.51.43-67
Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nesi, H. (2016). The demands of users and the publishing world: Printed or online, free or paid for? In P. Durkin (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of lexicography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Otheguy, R., García, O., & Reid, W. (2015). Clarifying translanguaging and deconstructing named languages: A perspective from linguistics. Applied Linguistics Review, 6(3), 281–307. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2015-0014
Pavlenko, A. (2005). Emotions and multilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pew Research Center. (2011). The future of the global Muslim population: Projections for 2010–2030. Washington, DC: Author.
Poppe, N. N. (1938). Mongol’skij slovar’ Mukaddimat al-adab [The Mongolian dictionary Muqaddimat al-Adab] (Parts 1–2). Moscow–Leningrad: Institut Vostokovedenija AN SSSR.
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosowsky, A. (2008). Heavenly readings: Liturgical literacy in a multilingual context. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Sya’ban, A. G. (2017). Mahakarya Islam Nusantara: Kitab, naskah, manuskrip dan korespondensi ulama Nusantara. Jakarta: Pustaka Compass.
Tarp, S. (2008). Lexicography in the borderland between knowledge and non-knowledge: General lexicographical theory with particular focus on learner’s lexicography. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Valdés, G. (2001). Heritage language students: Profiles and possibilities. In J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard, & S. McGinnis (Eds.), Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource (pp. 37–77). McHenry, IL: Delta Systems & Center for Applied Linguistics.
van Bruinessen, M. (1990). Kitab kuning: Books in Arabic script used in the pesantren milieu. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 146(2/3), 226–269. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003218
Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An introduction to sociolinguistics (7th ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Woodward, M. (2011). Java, Indonesia and Islam. Dordrecht: Springer.
Zgusta, L. (1971). Manual of lexicography. The Hague: Mouton.
ابن منظور، محمد بن مكرم. (د.ت.). لسان العرب. بيروت: دار صادر.
بن غالي، ناصر عبد الله. (2024). العبور اللغوي إطارًا تحليليًّا للتفاعل الاجتماعي في الخطاب المتعدد اللغات. مجلة اللغويات التطبيقية، 1(1)، 116–145.
الجوهري، إسماعيل بن حماد. (د.ت.). الصحاح: تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية. بيروت: دار العلم للملايين.
الزمخشري، محمود بن عمر. (1998). أساس البلاغة (تحقيق محمد باسل عيون السود). بيروت: دار الكتب العلمية.
الفاطوي، أحمد رفاعي الحاجيني. (د.ت.). تدريب المبتدي في علم النحو. كاجين، باتي: مدرسة مطالع الفلاح الإسلامية.
الفراهيدي، الخليل بن أحمد. (د.ت.). كتاب العين (تحقيق مهدي المخزومي وإبراهيم السامرائي). بيروت: دار ومكتبة الهلال.
القاسمي، علي. (1991). علم اللغة وصناعة المعجم. الرياض: جامعة الملك سعود.
نصار، حسين. (1988). المعجم العربي: نشأته وتطوره. القاهرة: مكتبة مصر.
يعقوب، إميل بديع. (1981). المعاجم اللغوية العربية: بداءتها وتطورها. بيروت: دار الثقافة الإسلامية.
Abdurrahman, S. M., Afandi, Z., Taha, A. H., & Masoud, M. A. (2023). Dirāsah ṣarfiyyah ‘alā al-kitābah al-‘Arabiyyah li al-lughah al-Jāwiyyah (Pegon) fī kitāb Faṣalātan li al-Shaykh Raden Asnawi Kudus. LISANIA: Journal of Arabic Education and Literature, 7(2), 178–197. https://doi.org/10.18326/lisania.v7i2.178-197
Atkins, B. T. S., & Rundell, M. (2008). The Oxford guide to practical lexicography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aziz, A., Sebgag, S., Zuana, M. M. M., & Suryani, I. (2022). Learning Arabic Pegon for non-Javanese santri at pesantren. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 8(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v8i2.19581
Béjoint, H. (2010). The lexicography of English: From origins to present. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bergenholtz, H., & Tarp, S. (2003). Two opposing theories: On H. E. Wiegand’s recent discovery of lexicographic functions. Hermes: Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 16(31), 171–196.
Blackledge, A., & Creese, A. (2010). Multilingualism: A critical perspective. London: Continuum.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Brinton, D. M., Kagan, O., & Bauckus, S. (Eds.). (2008). Heritage language education: A new field emerging. New York, NY: Routledge.
Canagarajah, S. (2011). Codemeshing in academic writing: Identifying teachable strategies of translanguaging. The Modern Language Journal, 95(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01207.x
Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2021). Pedagogical translanguaging. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dhofier, Z. (2011). Tradisi pesantren: Studi pandangan hidup kyai dan visinya mengenai masa depan Indonesia (Rev. ed.). Jakarta: LP3ES.
Feener, R. M., & Sevea, T. (Eds.). (2009). Islamic connections: Muslim societies in South and Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Ferguson, C. A. (1959). Diglossia. Word, 15(2), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702
García, O., Johnson, S. I., & Seltzer, K. (2017). The translanguaging classroom: Leveraging student bilingualism for learning. Philadelphia, PA: Caslon.
García, O., & Li, W. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hakim, T. (2003). Amtsilati: Metode praktis mendalami al-Qur’an dan membaca kitab kuning (Jilid 1–5). Jepara: Darul Falah.
Hakim, T. (2004). Mu’jam al-Tawfīq fī al-‘Arabiyyah wa al-Jāwiyyah wa al-Indūnīsiyyah (Kamus At-Taufiq). Jepara: Darul Falah Amtsilati.
Haywood, J. A. (1960). Arabic lexicography: Its history, and its place in the general history of lexicography (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Heller, M. (2007). Bilingualism as ideology and practice. In M. Heller (Ed.), Bilingualism: A social approach (pp. 1–22). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Jamaluddin, J. (2018). Kitab Jawan sebagai pelestari bahasa Jawa: Studi kasus kitab terbitan Menara Kudus, 1952–1990-an. Pangadereng: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 4(2), 399–413. https://doi.org/10.36869/pjhpish.v4i2.59
Kementerian Agama RI. (2018). Ensiklopedi Islam Nusantara: Edisi budaya. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Islam.
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
Landau, S. I. (1984). Dictionaries: The art and craft of lexicography. New York, NY: Scribner.
Laufer, B., & Hadar, L. (1997). Assessing the effectiveness of monolingual, bilingual, and “bilingualised” dictionaries in the comprehension and production of new words. The Modern Language Journal, 81(2), 189–196.
Li, W. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
Lytra, V., Volk, D., & Gregory, E. (Eds.). (2016). Navigating languages, literacies and identities: Religion in young lives. New York, NY: Routledge.
Mahfudh, S. (2024). Reviving the legacy of Islamic Nusantara: A study of Pegon script in traditional pesantren communities in Java. Santri: Journal of Pesantren and Fiqh Sosial, 5(2), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.35878/santri.v5i2.1426
Mahfudh, S. (2025). The Pegon translation method in teaching the Arabic language in Java: A study and its history. INTAJIYA: Journal of Ta’lim al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah, 2(1), 83–102.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Munip, A. (2016). Tracing the history of the Arabic-Javanese language translation books in Nusantara Islamic education. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 5(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2016.51.43-67
Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nesi, H. (2016). The demands of users and the publishing world: Printed or online, free or paid for? In P. Durkin (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of lexicography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Otheguy, R., García, O., & Reid, W. (2015). Clarifying translanguaging and deconstructing named languages: A perspective from linguistics. Applied Linguistics Review, 6(3), 281–307. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2015-0014
Pavlenko, A. (2005). Emotions and multilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pew Research Center. (2011). The future of the global Muslim population: Projections for 2010–2030. Washington, DC: Author.
Poppe, N. N. (1938). Mongol’skij slovar’ Mukaddimat al-adab [The Mongolian dictionary Muqaddimat al-Adab] (Parts 1–2). Moscow–Leningrad: Institut Vostokovedenija AN SSSR.
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosowsky, A. (2008). Heavenly readings: Liturgical literacy in a multilingual context. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Sya’ban, A. G. (2017). Mahakarya Islam Nusantara: Kitab, naskah, manuskrip dan korespondensi ulama Nusantara. Jakarta: Pustaka Compass.
Tarp, S. (2008). Lexicography in the borderland between knowledge and non-knowledge: General lexicographical theory with particular focus on learner’s lexicography. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
Valdés, G. (2001). Heritage language students: Profiles and possibilities. In J. K. Peyton, D. A. Ranard, & S. McGinnis (Eds.), Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource (pp. 37–77). McHenry, IL: Delta Systems & Center for Applied Linguistics.
van Bruinessen, M. (1990). Kitab kuning: Books in Arabic script used in the pesantren milieu. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 146(2/3), 226–269. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003218
Wardhaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An introduction to sociolinguistics (7th ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Woodward, M. (2011). Java, Indonesia and Islam. Dordrecht: Springer.
Zgusta, L. (1971). Manual of lexicography. The Hague: Mouton.
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2026-10-31
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