CONTRIBUTION OF SYAIKH MUHAMMAD MAHFUZH AL-TARMASI IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLECTUAL- SPIRITUAL PESANTREN IN INDONESIA IN THE 20TH CENTURY

This study will examine the contribution of Shaykh Muhammad Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi in the intellectual-spiritual development of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia in the 20th century M. Shaykh Muhammad Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi who became one of the archipelago scholars who teach at the Haram Mosque was noted to have a major role in the development pesantren intellectual-spiritual in the archipelago in the 20th century AD Even though Indonesia at that time was still overshadowed by colonialism, but through its guidance to students in Mecca made a major contribution in improving the intellectual-spiritual boarding schools in the archipelago so that Indonesia was free from colonialism. Therefore, this research becomes important to know how the contribution of Shaykh Muhammad Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi in the intellectual-spiritual development in Indonesian pesantren in the 20th century AD. This study is a qualitative research with a historical approach. The results of this study stated that Shaykh Muhammad Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi contributed greatly to the development of the intellectual-spiritual boarding schools in Indonesia through his teaching to Indonesian students studying at the Haram Mosque and intensive coaching that combined fikriyah and ruhiyah to his students.

From these researchers, especially Arabic researchers, recorded in their books the archipelago scholars who they consider to be influential people in the world by having many works printed in various countries as well as students who become large and scattered scholars to teach their knowledge in various places in the world; starting from Mecca, Medina, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritinia, India, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Among the noted archipelago scholars is Shaykh Muhammad Mahfuzh bin Abdullah bin Abdul Mannan al-Tarmasi, who came from Tremas, a village in Pacitan, East Java. In the 20th century AD Shaykh Muhammad Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi was an influential ulama of the archipelago in Haramain. He is known as an expert in various scientific disciplines such as qiraat, tafsir, usul, fiqh, hadith, also tasawwuf and succeeded in writing 18 books in various disciplines. In Baabu as-Shafa Haram Mosque which is the place of halaqah teaching is always filled with students from various countries, especially students of the archipelago (Abdul Jabbar, 1997); (al-Mar'asyali, 2006); (al-Mu'allimi, 2000); (Al-Zirikli, 2002).
If Indonesia in the 20th century AD was still in the Dutch colonialism which had been going on since the 19th century AD, (Suryanegara, 2012)

Dzulkifli Hadi Imawan
Santri: Journal of Pesantren and Fiqh Sosial 17 These books explain the expertise and depth of the science of Shaykh Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi in Islam. moreover the works are explained in various scientific fields; fiqh, ushul fiqh, qiraat, tafsir, hadith, to tasawwuf written by ilmiyah and referring to the mu'tabar scholars in each field. and perhaps the motivation for writing is as Shaykh Mahfuz al-Tarmasi noted in Hasyiyah al-Tarmasi by quoting from Ibn Subki, that writing is one effective way to spread benefits because the writing lasts for a long time. So it is not surprising that many students come to him to explore the Islamic religious sciences. (Al-Tarmasi, 2011).

Spiritual Development of the 20th Century Islamic Boarding School
The contribution of Shaykh Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi in the intellectual-spiritual development of pesantren in the 20th century AD was enormous. Although he was not in the archipelago at the time, his teaching in the Islamic religious sciences to students, especially those from the archipelago in Makkah al-Mukarramah at that time was very influential in opening wider horizons and also raising awareness of hubbul wathan; love the motherland in themselves. Especially in Mecca at that time as noted by Siba'i, was experiencing rapid population growth due to the world war that caused many people to find a safe place like Makkah (Siba'i, 1419).
Coupled with the opening of the Suez Canal and the operation of the ship fire, the archipelago made it easier for pilgrims to Makkah as Bruinessen noted, each year from 1855 to 1931 AD always increased to reach 10000 pilgrims in the archipelago in Makkah (Bruinessen, 2012).
At that time, especially when Shaykh Mahfuzh taught Islamic sciences by occupying one of the 120 halaqas in the Grand Mosque, precisely in the Chapter of Shafa; the nearest door to the hill of Shafa which is used to do sa'i, many students of the archipelago sit in a circle around it to study science. According to Amal Ramadan notes, in general in each of these halaqahs, clever students sit closest to their shaykh and halaqah for adult students starts at duha to duh and then continues until asar. There is also a halaqah between maghrib and isya which then continues for the next two hours (Ramadan, 2006  More than that, the example of Shaykh Mahfuzh in teaching his students became a very valuable lesson and was very impressed in the hearts of his students. As Shaykh Yasin al-Fadani explained, even though Shaykh Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi was a great scholar, he was close to anyone, polite and never looked down on other people and people '. So with this example, it is not surprising that he became a magnet that many students visited to study science with him (Al- The teaching of Shaykh Mahfuzh to his students, especially the students of  And as time goes by, the pesantren are developing and giving birth to more pesantren, even today there are more than 28,000 pesantren in Indonesia (Dhofier, 2015) and these pesantren increasingly emphasize that the intellectual-spiritual development of pesantren in the 20th century AD cannot be separated from the influence of Shaykh Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi who became the great teacher and guide of fikriyah and ruhiyah who became the spirit of pesantren in Indonesia.
These pesantren are strong fortifications in maintaining the morals and creeds of Ahlu al-Sunah wa al-Jama'ah and Syafi'i Schools in the Archipelago. More than that, the pesantren also functions as a center for the study of Islamic sciences (tafaqquh fi al-din), a center for the procurement of ulama reproduction, a center for preserving tradition, Islamic culture, a center for da'wah and Islamic development. Through these pesantren, the Nusantara community is educated and physically, mentally and mentally nurtured, so that they become qualified, intellectual, faithful, and moral students and have high spiritual values. So it is not surprising if from the beginning until now the pesantren alumni have become movers and leaders or big figures in the archipelago.

Conclusion
Shaykh Muhammad Mahfuzh al-Tarmasi is an Indonesian scholar who became one of the influential scholars in Makkah al-Mukarramah in the 20th century AD. He who taught at Bab Shafa in the Grand Mosque was always crowded with students from various countries of the world to study the sciences Islam to him because he is known as a great scholar who specializes in various scientific Vol. 1 No. 1 June (2020) fields; Jurisprudence, Usul, Hadith, Interpretation, Qiraah to Sufism and has many writings that he taught on the halaqah.
And through his teaching at the Grand Mosque he played a major role in the intellectual-spiritual development of pesantren in Indonesia in the 20th century AD, namely through the teaching and coaching that he did to his students, especially those from the Indonesian archipelago. In addition, the example he set as an example was very memorable and made an impression on the hearts of his students so this was what they then followed when they returned to the